{"id":244,"date":"2021-07-12T13:37:35","date_gmt":"2021-07-12T13:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/?p=244"},"modified":"2021-07-12T13:37:35","modified_gmt":"2021-07-12T13:37:35","slug":"thoi-dai-do-sat-va-nghe-luyen-sat-cua-to-tien-nguoi-viet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/2021\/07\/12\/thoi-dai-do-sat-va-nghe-luyen-sat-cua-to-tien-nguoi-viet\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

LTS: Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 luy\u1ec7n kim th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thau ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean (ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 4000-3500 n\u0103m c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2-3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, h\u00f2n qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft, x\u1ec9 s\u1eaft h\u00ecnh gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ed3ng M\u1ecfm, x\u00e3 Di\u1ec5n Th\u1ecd, huy\u1ec7n Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u, t\u1ec9nh Ngh\u1ec7 An. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt s\u1eaft, g\u1ec9 s\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00e2y, C\u1ed5 Loa, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng minh ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tr\u1ea7n Gia Ninh, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh khu v\u1ef1c.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1, chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o m\u1edbi n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 1: C\u1ea3nh luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft \u1edf v\u00f9ng Nam \u00c2u.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 2: C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00f2 Bloomery \u1edf Nam \u00c2u<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 2: C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00f2 Bloomery \u1edf Nam \u00c2u<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (TCN) t\u1ea1i Trung \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0 v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8 TCN t\u1ea1i Trung \u00c2u v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 TCN t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc \u00c2u th\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 r\u00e8n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Nok \u1edf T\u00e2y Phi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1200 TCN. Theo c\u1ed5 s\u1eed Trung Hoa th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi Chu (TK 10 TCN) \u1edf Trung Hoa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00f2 bloomery (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: l\u00f2 n\u1edf x\u1ec9) \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft. L\u00f2 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1c r\u1ed7ng hay m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda. Ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda xu\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u tuy-e \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i gi\u00f3 v\u00e0o (H\u00ecnh 1,2,3). Nh\u1eadp li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3m qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft nghi\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf, tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi than g\u1ed7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 cho th\u00eam v\u00f4i t\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 dung… H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nung ch\u1ea3y \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 1250o<\/sup>C th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft (1558o<\/sup>C). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng g\u1ed3m s\u1eaft v\u00e0 x\u1ec9 (c\u00e1i t\u00ean Bloomery-n\u1edf ra x\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5c s\u1eaft-x\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng x\u1ed1p t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2. T\u1eeb s\u1eaft x\u1ec9 x\u1ed1p gia c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh ra s\u1eaft r\u00e8n (Wrought Iron) ho\u1eb7c s\u1eaft (gang) luy\u1ec7n (pig iron-Sinh thi\u1ebft)\u2026 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1eaft r\u00e8n l\u00e0 s\u1eaft x\u00e2y th\u00e1p Effel, c\u1ea7u Long Bi\u00ean…). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 khi c\u00f3 l\u00f2 cao Bessemer, l\u00f2 Martin\u2026 th\u00ec k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u1eefa, (nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng quay l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 DRI (Direct Reduction Iron) ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra s\u1eaft x\u1ed1p). K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00f2 Bloomery c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n nhau \u1edf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eb7ng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5i gi\u00f3. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u1ec5 th\u1ed5i gi\u00f3, d\u1ea1ng \u1ed1ng th\u1ee5t (piston- H\u00ecnh 5) ho\u0103c d\u1ea1ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u00e9p b\u1eb1ng da th\u00fa (H\u00ecnh 4). L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 sau d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc (h\u00ecnh 7). Th\u1eddi c\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec7n\u2026 B\u1ee9c tranh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u1edf S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho ta th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft \u1edf Trung Hoa d\u00f9ng b\u1ec5 th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed ki\u1ec3u qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u00e9p, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 th\u1ee9 3 TCN (H\u00ecnh 6). Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ec5 \u1ed1ng th\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hm\u00f4ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n sang.
Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng s\u1eaft r\u00e8n ng\u1ef1a cho Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c \u00c2n, (kho\u1ea3ng 1000 n\u0103m TCN). Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec kh\u00f3 tin. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n ta ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Trong ch\u1eef H\u00e1n s\u1eaft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft\u00a0\u9435, th\u00e9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0\u92fc, n\u1ebfu s\u1eaft th\u00e9p l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o sau th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean d\u00e2n ta ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft, C\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0\u9435\u92fc. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eaft th\u00e9p. S\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t,\u00a0\ud862\udeca\u00a0\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1eaft theo ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Khang Hy c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1eaft\u00a0\u745f\u00a0nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n s\u1eaft c\u00f3 50 d\u00e2y (Mang t\u00ecnh c\u1ea7m s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed5i ra c\u1ea7m k\u1ef3 – Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n Du<\/em>). Th\u00e9p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eef n\u00f4m vi\u1ebft\u00a0\ud862\ude27\u00a0\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u00e9p, ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong H\u00e1n ng\u1eef. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1eaft th\u00e9p (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, ch\u00ec k\u1ebdm) tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean S\u1eed k\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, Nam Vi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n\u00a0\u5357\u8d8a\u5217\u50b3, c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p \u201c\u2026\u00a0\u8207\u9577\u6c99\u63a5\u5883, \u9ad8\u540e\u6642, \u6709\u53f8\u8acb\u7981\u5357\u8d8a\u95dc\u5e02\u9435\u5668,\u00a0[Nam Vi\u1ec7t] gi\u00e1p gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi qu\u1eadn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa ,Th\u1eddi Cao H\u1eadu [L\u00e3 H\u1eadu 241 TCN \u2013 180 TCN], quan \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 xin c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o mua \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Nam Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eaft1<\/sup>. Th\u1eddi Cao H\u1eadu Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Phi\u00ean Ngung (v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng). Sau khi Cao H\u1eadu ch\u1ebft (180 TCN) m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u L\u1ea1c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eaft l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eaft. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 s\u1eaft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng cha \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u1eaft th\u00e9p. N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. May ch\u0103ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ed9t s\u1eaft ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u1edf g\u1ea7n Dehli \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt. B\u1edfi ch\u01b0ng kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1eaft b\u1ecb oxy h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i d\u01b0\u1edbi bao l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n (v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o sau \u0111\u00f3) \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecdn b\u1ecbt s\u1eaft c\u1eafm xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nay ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1eaft n\u1eefa. S\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Minh c\u01b0\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t h\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1407 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi qu\u00e2n Minh chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed, s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9. Trong quy\u1ec3n An Nam Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean (H\u00ecnh 8)\u00a0\u5b89\u5357\u5fd7\u539f\u00a0c\u1ee7a Cao H\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0ng\u00a0\u9ad8\u718a\u5fb5\u00a0\u0111\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra 6 C\u1ee5c Kim Tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0\u91d1\u5834\u5c40\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 lo v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c luy\u00ean kim \u1edf Giao ch\u1ec9. V\u1ec1 s\u1eaft s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u00e9p \u201c\u4e49\u5b89\u5e9c\u00a0:\u00a0\u7926\u5c71\u5728\u571f\u9ec3\u7e23\u202e\u0662#\u202c\u9435\u2026\u00a0\u9435\u5c71\u5728\u6771\u57ce\u7e23\u202e\u0662#\u202c\u9435\u00a0Ph\u1ee7 Ngh\u1ec7 An, t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0ng2\u00a0<\/sup>[t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay] c\u00f3 n\u00fai Qu\u1eb7ng (Kho\u00e1ng S\u01a1n) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eaft\u2026 t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u00e0nh [c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng N\u00fai Thi\u00ean Nh\u1eadn-H\u1ed3ng L\u0129nh ven s\u00f4ng Lam ng\u00e0y nay] c\u00f3 n\u00fai S\u1eaft (thi\u1ebft s\u01a1n) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eaft<\/em>\u201d3<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00e0y cho ta th\u1ea5y, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft (l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed) th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 4: B\u1ec5 th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng da;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 5: L\u00f2 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft d\u00f9ng b\u1ec5 \u1ed1ng th\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hm\u00f4ng.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh s\u1eed Trung Hoa, nh\u01b0 Minh S\u1eed (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tri\u1ec1u Minh)ch\u00e9p: \u201c\u660e\u53f2\u00b7\u5175\u5fd7\u56db):\u660e\u6210\u7956\u5e73\u4ea4\u8dbe,\u5f97\u795e\u673a\u67aa\u70ae\u6cd5. \u7279\u7f6e\u795e\u673a\u8425\u8084\u4e60\u3002\u5236\u7528\u751f\u719f\u8d64\u94dc\u76f8\u95f4\u3002\u5efa\u94c1\u67d4\u4e3a\u6700\uff0c \u897f\u94c1\u6b21\u4e4b\u3002\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002 \u5927\u8005\u53d1\u7528\u8f66\u3002 \u6b21\u53ca\u5c0f\u8005\u7528\u67b6\uff0c\u7528\u6869\uff0c \u7528\u6258\u3002 \u5927\u5229\u4e8e\u5b88\uff0c \u5c0f\u5229\u4e8e\u6218\u3002 \u968f\u5b9c\u800c\u7528\u4e3a\u884c\u519b\u00a0\u8981\u5668\u00a0,\u00a0quy\u1ec3n 92, Binh Ch\u00ed T\u1ee9 ch\u00e9p: Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh Giao Ch\u1ec9, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p Th\u1ea7n C\u01a1 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7t ri\u00eang Th\u1ea7n C\u01a1 Doanh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. Ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t s\u1eaft d\u1ebbo, th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u1eaft T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c. To nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, lo\u1ea1i to d\u00f9ng xe, nh\u1ecf d\u00f9ng gi\u00e1, d\u00f9ng c\u1ecdc, tay n\u00e2ng. L\u1ee3i l\u1edbn khi gi\u1eef, l\u1ee3i nh\u1ecf khi \u0111\u00e1nh, t\u00f9y m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng khi c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d. Chuy\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong Minh Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c, l\u00fac cha con H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Y\u00ean Kinh th\u00ec V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1ng giam ngay cha con Qu\u00fd Ly- H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1ea3 ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 T\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng, v\u00ec nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e3 do th\u00e1m bi\u1ebft Tr\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t. S\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p: V\u00e0o n\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c n\u0103m th\u1ee9 5, ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 9 (t\u1ee9c 5 th\u00e1ng 10\/1407): \u201cHo\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f9ng b\u00e1 quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u00f9 t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda Ph\u1ee5ng Thi\u00ean. Binh b\u1ed9 th\u1ecb lang Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2n tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n h\u1ea1ch t\u1ed9i [\u2026]. Sau khi T\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecdc xong [\u2026] Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111em Qu\u00ed Ly, con y l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eb7c H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed7 c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecdn t\u1ed1ng giam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i lao. L\u1ec7nh th\u1ea3 ngay cho con trai c\u1ee7a y l\u00e0 Tr\u1eebng c\u00f9ng b\u1ecdn ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 Nhu\u1ebf v\u00e0 ban cho h\u1ecd l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 y ph\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d4<\/sup>. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Tr\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 Binh Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u1ee5c, chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c Th\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang. V\u1ec1 sau Tr\u1eebng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng (H\u00e0m nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y nay). S\u00e1ch \u201cD\u00e3 K\u00fd:\u00a0\u4eca\u51e1\u796d\u5175\u5668\u4e26\u796d\u6f84\u4e5f\u00a0[Qu\u00e2n Minh] nay ph\u00e0m khi t\u1ebf s\u00fang th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ebf Tr\u1eebng\u201d5<\/sup><\/em>. Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 ch\u1ebf h\u1ecfa s\u00fang n\u00f2ng d\u00e0i (v\u1ec1 sau nh\u00e0 Minh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1o) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n, H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng th\u1eddi H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly-H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 t\u1ea3 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u0103m Canh Ng\u1ecd 1390 \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n: \u201cTr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1t Ch\u00e2n li\u1ec1n ra l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c H\u1ecfa s\u00fang nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec1 nh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1n, b\u1eafn tr\u00fang thuy\u1ec1n Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u00e1n thuy\u1ec1n, B\u1ed3ng Nga ch\u1ebft\u201d.\u00a0<\/em>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 trong Nam Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 T\u0129nh6<\/sup>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Ng\u00e0n S\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c Huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch \u201c\u540c \u6176 \u5730 \u8f3f \u5fd7\u00a0\u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 ch\u00ed\u201d7<\/sup>\u00a0(H\u00ecnh 9) (1886 \u2013 1887) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u00f5, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea8\u00a0<\/sup>l\u00e0 S\u1eaft: \u201c\u5468\u79ae\u7e3d \u4e4b\u5468\u79ae,\u6625 \u96b4, \u798f \u797f\u7e3d\u4e4b\u90fd \u6eaa, \u798f \u6fa4, \u6cb3 \u6771 \u7b49 \u793e \u5c71 \u5206 \u591a \u6709 \u751f \u9435, \u4f46 \u9435 \u8cea \u525b \u8106, \u60df\u6cb3 \u6771\u793e\u96b4\u5c71\u9435 \u8cea \u5805\u8edf \u7232\u52dd\u00a0\u1ede s\u01a1n ph\u1eadn c\u00e1c x\u00e3 Chu L\u1ec5, Xu\u00e2n L\u0169ng t\u1ed5ng Chu L\u1ec5, \u0110\u00f4 Kh\u00ea, Ph\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch, H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1eaft luy\u00ean (sinh thi\u1ebft). Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t s\u1eaft gi\u00f2n c\u1ee9ng<\/em>. Ri\u00eang s\u1eaft \u1edf n\u00fai L\u0169ng x\u00e3 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 s\u1eaft c\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 d\u1ebbo (nhuy\u1ec5n)\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 hai quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch nhau h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft (v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1eaft ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, c\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 d\u1ebbo) l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea H\u00e0 T\u0129nh. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eady m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng, t\u1ea1i c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m trong v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p bao v\u00e2y t\u1ee9 b\u1ec1 m\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edbng Cao Th\u1eafng n\u0103m 1895 v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eaft, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng tinh x\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m g\u00ec s\u00fang c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p kinh ng\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t vi\u00ean v\u00f5 quan Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fay Ch.Gosselin, t\u1eebng tham gia \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh, vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0\u00a0N\u01b0\u1edbcNam\u00a0<\/em>[Empire d\u2019Annam]9<\/sup>\u00a0trang 313, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u00fang c\u1ee7a Cao Th\u1eafng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 6: Tranh \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ebd c\u1ea3nh luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 7: Th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111em nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u1eadn b\u00ean Ph\u00e1p; xem n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 s\u00fang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng binh kh\u00ed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a cho c\u00e1c quan binh ph\u00e1o th\u1ee7 ta xem, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, [\u2026] nh\u1eefng s\u00fang \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ednh Kh\u1ed1 Xanh, Cai \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, l\u00ednh t\u1eadp\u2026<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thay l\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tuy b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f2n \u00edt \u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, s\u1eed s\u00e1ch \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng ta, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng cha d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft th\u00e9p t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00f9ng Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb thu\u1edf x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay. M\u1ecf s\u1eaft Th\u1ea1ch Kh\u00ea H\u00e0 T\u0129nh hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ecf s\u1eaft c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 550 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft Th\u1ea1ch Kh\u00ea n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f3 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y m\u1ecf Th\u1ea1ch kh\u00ea qu\u1eb7ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao \u1edf huy\u1ec7n H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea th\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Th\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0ng x\u01b0a, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft. Ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ecf s\u1eaft V\u1ee5 Quang l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t cao m\u00e0 H\u00e0 T\u0129nh d\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n khai th\u00e1c ri\u00eang cho \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng cho b\u00e1n ra ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc thay nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y tuy\u1ec3n qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft V\u0169 Quang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb 2008 v\u1edbi bao k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft th\u00e9p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao do C\u00f4ng ty TNHH MTV S\u1eaft V\u0169 Quang (thu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n Gang th\u00e9p H\u00e0 T\u0129nh) l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u00ec nay c\u1ea3 m\u1eb9 l\u1eabn con \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tan t\u00e1c, d\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng10<\/sup>. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u00e9p V\u1ea1n L\u1ee3i H\u00e0 T\u0129nh11<\/sup>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n t\u1ef7 nay c\u0169ng b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft v\u1ee5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 8: S\u00e1ch An Nam Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean ghi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 9.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 10<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng H\u00e0 T\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft th\u00e9p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta, o\u00e1i o\u0103m thay, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong tay n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khu li\u00ean h\u1ee3p gang th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty Gang th\u00e9p H\u01b0ng Nghi\u1ec7p Formosa H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i luy\u1ec7n Gang Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 m\u00e1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi! Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e2u r\u1ed3i? V\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch l\u1eebng l\u1eaby th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ch\u1ee9 sao kh\u00f4ng !!!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

——-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/em>
1<\/sup>\u00a0https:\/\/ctext.org\/shiji\/nan-yue-lie-zhuan\/zh
2<\/sup>\u00a0Huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0ng x\u01b0a l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng n\u00fai v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng t\u1eeb b\u1ebfn Tam Soa, t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n Ng\u00e0n Ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nam g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Ng\u00e0n s\u00e2u. Nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd.
3<\/sup>An Nam Ch\u00ed Nguy\u00ean<\/em>\u5b89\u5357\u5fd7\u539f;Hoa B\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch ch\u00fa, in Roneo 1961 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i b\u00f4. NXB \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 2017, trang 470-471.
4<\/sup>\u00a0Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n trong Minh Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng , Quy\u1ec3n 71 ,m\u1ee5c 5:\u00a0\u660e\u5b9e\u5f55\u592a\u5b97\u5b9e\u5f55\u00a0->\u00a0<\/strong>\u592a\u5b97\u6587\u7687\u5e1d\u5b9e\u5f55\u5377\u4e03\u5341\u4e00\u00a0:<\/strong>\u4e0a\u5fa1\u5949\u5929\u95e8\u53d7\u4e4b\u6587\u6b66\u7fa4\u81e3\u7686\u4f8d\u5175\u90e8\u4f8d\u90ce\u65b9\u5bbe\u8bfb\u9732\u5e03\u81f3\u5f11\u738b\u061fy\u56fd\u50ed\u53f7\u7eaa\u5143\u7b49\u8bed\u00a0\u4e0a\u4f7f\u95ee\u5b63\u7266\u7236\u5b50\u66f0\u6b64\u4e3a\u4eba\u81e3\u4e4b\u9053\u4e4e\u5b63\u7266\u7236\u5b50\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u5bbe\u8bfb\u6bd5\u8bcf\u4ee5\u5b63\u7266\u7236\u5b50\u82cd\u53ca\u5176\u4f2a\u5c06\u76f8\u80e1\u67f1\u7b49\u6089\u4ed8\u72f1\u800c\u8d66\u5176\u5b50\u5b59\u6f84\u82ae\u7b49\u547d\u6709\u53f8\u7ed9\u8863\u98df.
5<\/sup>\u202e\u0663\u202c\u066a\u202e\u0660\u202cO\u00a0Ch\u00fac Du\u1ea9n Minh (1460-1526)\u00a0\u202e\/\u202c\u060c\u202e$\u0669)\u202c\u0691\u00a0quy\u1ec3n 2, m\u1ee5c 45.
6<\/sup>\u00a0Ngh\u1ec7 An t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ngh\u1ec7-T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1831 Minh M\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi t\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam ra kh\u1ecfi Ngh\u1ec7 An, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u0129nh.
7<\/sup>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ecba D\u01b0 Ch\u00ed<\/em>, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003 (trang 1304). B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y d\u1ecbch nh\u1ea7m ch\u1eef\u00a0\u066a\u062d\u202d \u202c\u0625K\u00a0sinh thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eaft luy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ra \u201cqu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft\u201d.<\/em>
8<\/sup>\u00a0X\u01b0a thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0ng, t\u00ean H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c (1868).
9<\/sup>\u00a0Capitaine Ch. GOSSELIN -L\u2019EMPIRE D\u2019ANNAM ,PARIS ,LIBRAIRIE ACAD\u00c9MIQUE DIDIER ,PERRIN ET Cie, LIBRAIRES-\u00c9DITEURS ,35, QUAI DES GRANDS-AUGUSTINS, 35 ,1904.
10\u00a0<\/sup>https:\/\/dantri.com.vn\/xa-hoi\/thu-hoi-giay-phep-du-an-hon-9-nam-lam-kho-dan-20170813162540794.htm
11<\/sup>\u00a0https:\/\/baomoi.com\/sieu-du-an-thep-van-loi-ha-tinh-mua-ba-van-ban-ba-dong\/c\/30294518.epi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

——-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0i – T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Tia S\u00e1ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LTS: Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 luy\u1ec7n kim th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[189,190,188,187,174,191,185,179,177,176,184,186],"class_list":["post-244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-luot-su-toc-viet","tag-do-dong","tag-do-sat","tag-khao-co-hoc","tag-kim-khi","tag-luoc-su-toc-viet","tag-luyen-sat","tag-nghe-luyen-sat","tag-nguoi-viet","tag-nguon-goc-nguoi-viet","tag-nguon-goc-toc-viet","tag-thoi-dai-do-sat","tag-to-tien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=244"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256,"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244\/revisions\/256"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongsonvn.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}